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| Pembangkit listrik Gemasolar yang berkapasitas 19,9 MW di Spanyol mempunyai daya simpan 15 jam dan mampu menyediakan listrik 24 jam sehari. |
Informasi penemuan teknologi inovatif dan bermanfaat
Showing posts with label energi. Show all posts
Showing posts with label energi. Show all posts
Friday, February 28, 2014
Penyimpanan energi
Energi terbarukan
Energi terbarukan energi yang berasal dari "proses alam yang berkelanjutan", seperti tenaga surya, tenaga angin, arus air proses biologi, dan panas bumi.
Untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut tentang penggunaan energi terbarukan di masyarakat modern, lihat pengembangan energi terbarukan. Untuk diskusi umum, lihat pengembangan energi masa depan.
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| Energi angin merupakan energi terbaruiLadang angin pertama di dunia dengan turbin angin berdaya 7.5 MW di Estinnes Belgia |
Tuesday, February 18, 2014
How does the Grätzel Solar Cell Work?
How does the Grätzel Solar Cell Work?
As discussed in more detail in one of the other links, a traditional solar cell is based upon two types of silicon sandwiched together. One type of silicon is doped with an element or substance (phosphorus, for example) having an extra electron (n-type) and the other is doped with an element or substance (boron, for example) having fewer electrons than silicon (p-type). When these two types of silicon are sandwiched together, a p-n junction is formed. This p-n junction creates an electric field acting as a diode permitting electric current to flow in one direction. When a photon strikes the solar cell, an electron-hole pair is created. Before the electron-hole can be re-united, the electron is attracted to the n-type silicon and the hole is attracted to the p-type silicon. The energized electron is forced to travel through acomplete circuit if available, giving up some of its extra energy. This electron eventually recombines with a hole in the p-type silicon.
The Grätzel Solar Cell (nano-crystalline dye sensitized) solar cell is a photoelectrochemical cell. Instead of creating electron-hole pairs, solar photons give up their energy to excite electrons found in the fruit dye. These energized electrons give up in an electrical circuit.
Here is a picture of the sandwiched components of the Grätzel solar cell:
As indicated in the picture, the sandwich is bordered by the two conductive glass slides. To one of the glass slides, we painted the nanoparticle titanium dioxide and then stained it with the dye. On the other glass slide, we carbonized it with the graphite pencil and the candle soot. Between the glass slide we added the liquid triiodide electrolyte.
The Grätzel solar cell is then placed into the sun:
Photons strike the cell and their energy is absorbed by the dye. The dye has several important properties. It must be complexed or chelated (attached) to the titanium dioxide and it must be able to absorb the photons' energy, exciting and freeing some of its electrons. The basic structure of the anthocyanin pigment (those pigments found in the fruit dyes we were using) was found on the internet.
The nanoparticle titanium oxide acts as a scaffold to hold the dye molecules into its 3 dimensional array. The following image was reproduced from the manual delivered with the kit to build the cells:
There are many different variations of anthocyanins but these are the pigments that produce the red, blue, violet, and orange colors we see in fruits and flowers. The different variations of anthocyanins aborbs different wavelengths of photons of the visible and ultraviolet spectrum.
Because of the small size of the titanium dioxide nanoparticles (10-300 nanometers), many dye molecules are attached after staining providing many photoelectrons produced. The nanoparticles increase this available surface area 100-1000 times (relative to the area of the glass squares) enhancing dye attachment, porosity, and consquently, photoelectron production. The following image is a rollover picture of the titanium dioxide nanoparticles (pictures courtesy of University of Washington researchers).
These excited electrons from the dye are transferred or injected into the conduction band nanoparticle titanium dioxide. The titanium dioxide acts as a n-type semiconductor (like n-type silicon). The injected photoelectrons move along the nanoparticles towards the top conducting plate (anode). With the thin layer of titanium dioxide (on the order of microns) , the excited electrons do not need to travel far to reach the anode.
Once the photoelectrons reach the anode, the photoelectrons migrate through the electrical pathway and the extra energy is converted to electrical energy by devices in the circuit (loads).
What is the purpose of the triiodide electrolyte? The dye has given up electrons and is now deficient of electrons, being oxidized by the titanium dioxide. The triiodine electrolyte supplies electrons to replenish the deficiency reducing the dye molecules back to their original states. The triiodide electrolyte is now oxidized and electron-deficient but recovers its missing electrons by migrating toward the cathode (conducting glass plate at the bottom of the cell also called the counter electrode). Electrons migrating through the circuit reach the counter electrode and recombine with the oxidized triiodide electrolyte. The triiodide electolyte liquid acts as a true catalyst as it is not consumed in the reactions taking place.
As discussed in more detail in one of the other links, a traditional solar cell is based upon two types of silicon sandwiched together. One type of silicon is doped with an element or substance (phosphorus, for example) having an extra electron (n-type) and the other is doped with an element or substance (boron, for example) having fewer electrons than silicon (p-type). When these two types of silicon are sandwiched together, a p-n junction is formed. This p-n junction creates an electric field acting as a diode permitting electric current to flow in one direction. When a photon strikes the solar cell, an electron-hole pair is created. Before the electron-hole can be re-united, the electron is attracted to the n-type silicon and the hole is attracted to the p-type silicon. The energized electron is forced to travel through acomplete circuit if available, giving up some of its extra energy. This electron eventually recombines with a hole in the p-type silicon.
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Here is a picture of the sandwiched components of the Grätzel solar cell:
As indicated in the picture, the sandwich is bordered by the two conductive glass slides. To one of the glass slides, we painted the nanoparticle titanium dioxide and then stained it with the dye. On the other glass slide, we carbonized it with the graphite pencil and the candle soot. Between the glass slide we added the liquid triiodide electrolyte.
The Grätzel solar cell is then placed into the sun:
Photons strike the cell and their energy is absorbed by the dye. The dye has several important properties. It must be complexed or chelated (attached) to the titanium dioxide and it must be able to absorb the photons' energy, exciting and freeing some of its electrons. The basic structure of the anthocyanin pigment (those pigments found in the fruit dyes we were using) was found on the internet.
The nanoparticle titanium oxide acts as a scaffold to hold the dye molecules into its 3 dimensional array. The following image was reproduced from the manual delivered with the kit to build the cells:
There are many different variations of anthocyanins but these are the pigments that produce the red, blue, violet, and orange colors we see in fruits and flowers. The different variations of anthocyanins aborbs different wavelengths of photons of the visible and ultraviolet spectrum.
Because of the small size of the titanium dioxide nanoparticles (10-300 nanometers), many dye molecules are attached after staining providing many photoelectrons produced. The nanoparticles increase this available surface area 100-1000 times (relative to the area of the glass squares) enhancing dye attachment, porosity, and consquently, photoelectron production. The following image is a rollover picture of the titanium dioxide nanoparticles (pictures courtesy of University of Washington researchers).
These excited electrons from the dye are transferred or injected into the conduction band nanoparticle titanium dioxide. The titanium dioxide acts as a n-type semiconductor (like n-type silicon). The injected photoelectrons move along the nanoparticles towards the top conducting plate (anode). With the thin layer of titanium dioxide (on the order of microns) , the excited electrons do not need to travel far to reach the anode.
Once the photoelectrons reach the anode, the photoelectrons migrate through the electrical pathway and the extra energy is converted to electrical energy by devices in the circuit (loads).
What is the purpose of the triiodide electrolyte? The dye has given up electrons and is now deficient of electrons, being oxidized by the titanium dioxide. The triiodine electrolyte supplies electrons to replenish the deficiency reducing the dye molecules back to their original states. The triiodide electrolyte is now oxidized and electron-deficient but recovers its missing electrons by migrating toward the cathode (conducting glass plate at the bottom of the cell also called the counter electrode). Electrons migrating through the circuit reach the counter electrode and recombine with the oxidized triiodide electrolyte. The triiodide electolyte liquid acts as a true catalyst as it is not consumed in the reactions taking place.
Monday, February 17, 2014
LABORATORIUM PHOTONICS DAN SITE LPI
LABORATORIUM PHOTONICS DAN ANTARMUKA LPI
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30.08.13 - Michael Grätzel untuk menerima 2013 penghargaan Marcel Benoist
Prof Michael Grätzel, yang dikenal untuk karyanya pada sel surya dye-sensitized, adalah penerima 2013 hadiah Benoist. informasi lebih lanjut
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6 Mei 2013: sel surya hibrid anorganik hetero-organik berdasarkan jenis bahan perovskit dan polimer konduktor lubang organik dengan efisiensi konversi solar dari 12% telah dirancang. Rincian efisiensi 12% sel surya berbasis pada CH3NH3PbI3 dilaporkan dalam baru-baru ini NATURE artikel
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 | 20 Maret 2013: Kami sangat senang untuk memberitahu bahwa Dewan AkademikUniversitas Liége, Belgia telah memutuskan untuk menganugerahkan gelar Drhonoris causa kepada Prof Dr Michael Graetzel. Dengan pengakuan terbaru ini, jumlah perguruan tinggi yang diberikan doktor kehormatan Prof Graetzel pergi ke Ten. | |||||
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 | 10 Desember 2012: Kami sangat senang untuk memberitahu bahwa jumlah kutipan untuk publikasi penelitian Prof M. Graetzel sekarang telah melewati angka yang mencolok dari 100.000 dengan H-indeks dari 148 minggu ini.Dengan demikian Prof Graetzel sekarang dalam lima ahli kimia yang paling dikutip di dunia. | |||||
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 | Swisselectric Penelitian Award 2012 22.09.12 - Swisselectric Penelitian telah dikaitkan 2.012 penghargaan untuk Prof M. Grätzel sebagai pengakuan atas karir penelitiannya dikhususkan untuk eksploitasi energi surya. >> informasi lebih lanjut | |||||
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 | Grätzel Sel Surya sekarang ditanamkan di iPad 29.05.12 - Dye sel surya (DSSC) dari EPFL memasuki pasar umum. Logitech memilih teknologi ini untuk menyalakan produk baru andalannya. Logitech telah memilih pewarna sel surya lahir di sini di kampus. >> informasi lebih lanjut | |||||
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 | Dye Sensitized Solar Cells memecahkan rekor baru! 10.11.11 - solar sel Grätzel Dye-sensitized baru saja menetapkan patokan baru efisiensi. Dengan mengubah komposisi dan warna sel, tim EPFL telah meningkatkan efisiensi mereka untuk lebih dari 12%. Hasil penelitian mereka baru saja diterbitkan di Science. >> informasi lebih lanjut | |||||
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 | 2010 Millenium Technology Grand Prize 09.06.10 - Profesor Michael Grätzel menang Millenium Technology Grand Prize untuk Dye-peka Solar Cells 2010. >> informasi lebih lanjut | |||||
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Michael Grätzel, yang dikenal untuk karyanya pada sel surya dye-sensitized, adalah penerima 2013 hadiah Benoist.
PUBLIKASI TERBARU
Quantum-Terbatas ZnO nanoshell photoanodes untuk Sel Surya Mesoscopic.
di Nano Letters, 2014.
Sebuah Route Sintetis Sederhana untuk Mendapatkan Pure Trans-Rutenium (II) Kompleks untuk Dye-peka Sel Surya Aplikasi.
di ChemSusChem, vol. 6, num. 11, p. 2170-2180, 2013.
Tinggi Open-Circuit Tegangan: Bukti untuk Shift sensitizer-induced TiO2 Konduksi Band di Ru (II)-Dye Sensitized Solar Cells.
Kimia Bahan, vol. 25, num. 22, p. 4497-4502, 2013.
Difusi dan adsorpsi molekul dye di photoelectrodes TiO2 mesopori dipelajari oleh penginderaan nanoplasmonic tidak langsung.
Energi & Ilmu Lingkungan, vol. 6, num. 12, p. 3627-3636, 2013.
Logam bebas sensitizer dan katalis untuk sel surya pewarna peka.
Energi & Ilmu Lingkungan, vol. 6, num. 12, p. 3439-3466, 2013.
Sifat redoks dari kobalt (II) kompleks dengan azol-pyridines.
di Inorganica Chimica Acta, vol. 407, p. 261-268, 2013.
Peningkatan berair Sintesis TiO2 untuk Dye-peka Sel Surya.
di Acs Nano, vol. 7, num. 10, p. 8981-8989, 2013.
Long-Range Seimbang Elektron-dan Lubang Transportasi Panjang dalam Organik-Anorganik CH3NH3PbI3.
di Science, vol. 342, num. 6156, p. 344-347, 2013.
Decoupling penyerapan cahaya dan sifat biaya transportasi di dekat sel regeneratif Fe2O3 IR-peka.
Energi & Ilmu Lingkungan, vol. 6, num. 11, p. 3280-3285, 2013.
Modifikasi Elektronik dan struktural titanium dioksida / zinc oxide photoanode untuk sel surya dye-sensitized.
EPFL, Lausanne.
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